Brandon J. Weichert, a former U.S. Congressional staffer and geopolitical analyst, categorizes the Borei-A class submarines as a significant enhancement for the Russian Navy. In his assessment for *The National Interest*, Weichert underscores the increased stealth and advanced capabilities of these submarines compared to their predecessors, marking them as a substantial threat to Western powers.
Weichert highlights that the primary strategic role of the Borei-A class is to serve as a deterrent against adversaries and, if necessary, execute nuclear strikes. Russia aims to deploy at least 12 Borei-class submarines by 2030. Presently, the Russian Navy operates four Borei-A class submarines: Knyaz Vladimir (Northern Fleet), Prince Oleg, Generalissimus Suvorov, and Imperator Aleksandr III (all part of the Pacific Fleet).
The Borei-A submarines represent a major leap from the earlier 955-class models, now upgraded to the 955A standard. According to *Navy Recognition*, a key feature of these submarines is their specialized sound-absorbing coating, which significantly reduces their acoustic signature, enabling near-silent patrols. Each successive submarine benefits from enhancements in this coating technology, contributing to an overall noise reduction that makes modern submarines approximately 100 times quieter than their Cold War-era counterparts.
The 955A class integrates advanced stealth technologies, such as hydraulic nozzles for silent movement and low-magnetic housings to minimize noise and evade detection. A report from TASS suggests these submarines are quieter than the U.S. Virginia-class submarines, though this claim lacks independent verification.
In terms of armament, the Borei-A class submarines are equipped with 16 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) utilizing the Bulava missile system, alongside six 533 mm torpedo tubes, anti-submarine missiles, and bottom mines. These submarines can engage targets at a range of approximately 9,300 km, comparable to China’s latest JL-3 nuclear missiles, posing a potential threat to the continental U.S. from considerable distances.
The Borei-A class is powered by the OK-650W nuclear reactor, delivering 170 MW of power. Notably, the Knyaz Pozharsky is the first in the fleet to feature a “pump-jet engine,” enhancing its stealth capabilities. The submarines also incorporate a spherical antenna and the MGK-600B Irtysh-Amfora-Borei sonar system for advanced detection and tracking.
Despite the detailed analysis of Borei-A capabilities, comparisons with the upcoming U.S. Columbia-class ballistic missile submarines are often lacking. The Columbia-class is expected to feature highly advanced technologies, including quieter electric propulsion systems and sophisticated command and control interfaces.
The Borei-A submarines have demonstrated their capabilities in various military exercises, including the ‘Grom’ strategic drills in the Barents Sea in October 2019 and regular training operations in the Arctic. They were also involved in the ‘Umka-2021’ Arctic expedition and patrol missions in the Pacific Ocean, highlighting their operational versatility and strategic significance.
Given their enhanced stealth and advanced systems, the Borei-A class represents a formidable challenge to Western defenses, especially in their primary role of nuclear deterrence and strike capability. Weichert’s analysis suggests that the increased stealth of these submarines could make their nuclear mission more effective compared to Western counterparts.
